1. The main causes of battery degradation are as follows.

2. Which SOC range is used to drive different HEVs, PEHVs and BEVs.

• Although OEMs do not disclose this information, HEV batteries are small capacity and high power, while BEVs are large capacity and small power.

• The ECU controls the charging and discharging of the on-board battery for drive use to ensure the most effective and long-lasting battery life.

• Both are operated in between, leaving headroom for regenerative charging and a safety reserve margin to avoid full discharge or deep DOD, which would shorten their lifespan.

3. In GTR 22, the durability of BEV/PHEV on-board batteries is specified.